Preheat oven to 350℉. Butter an 8-inch square baking pan and line the bottom with parchment paper.
Make the topping: In a medium bowl, stir together 6 tablespoons unsalted butter, 1 cup whole wheat pastry flour, ½ cup brown sugar, and 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon until combined. Place in the fridge so it can firm up a bit.
Make the cake. In a medium bowl, whisk together the 1 ½ cups whole wheat pastry flour, 1 ½ teaspoon baking powder, and ½ teaspoon fine sea salt. In a large bowl with an electrix mixer on medium speed, cream the 4 tablespoons unsalted butter and ¾ cup granulated sugar until fluffy, then beat in the 1 large egg and 2 teaspoons pure vanilla extract.
Add the flour mixture to the creamed mixture in 2 additions, alternating with the ⅔ cup whole milk. Beat well to combine. Fold in the 1 ½ cups rhubarb.
Spread the batter in an even layer into the prepared pan. Take the topping out of the fridge; it will be solidified. Using your hands, break it up and crumble it evenly over the top of the batter.
Place in the oven and bake for about 40 minutes, until a tester inserted in the center comes out mostly clean. Let cool in the pan set on a wire rack to room temperature.
Notes
Keep the topping in the fridge. After assembling the crumb topping, keep it in the fridge so it firms up a bit while you make the cake. You may need to break up the topping with your hands before sprinkling it over the cake.
Can I use frozen rhubarb? Yes - frozen rhubarb works great in this recipe. No need to defrost it before stirring it into the batter.
Use all brown sugar. For a deeper note of caramel sweetness, swap the granulated sugar for brown sugar in the batter.
Optional serving suggestions: With whipped cream, a drizzle of salted caramel sauce, a scoop of vanilla ice cream, or it's just perfect as-is!